Tuesday, October 30, 2012

Perkembangan Agama Hindu di Indonesia

Anak benua India merupakan tanah tempat kebudayaan Weda, Buddha, Jaina lahir. Di sebelah utara terdapat sungai–sungai besar seperti Indus, Gangga, Yamna, dan Brahmaputra yang memiliki lembah-lembah subur. Di lembah-lembah subur inilah lahir peradaban Hindu muncul. Penduduk Lembah Indus adalah bangsa Dravida yang berkulit hitam. Peradaban Lembah Indus mengalami kemunduran ketika bangsa Arya dari Asia Tengah melakukan invasi. Persebaran bangsa Arya dibedakan atas dua periode: masa Weda Awal dan masa Weda Akhir. Pada masa akhir ini itu bangsa Arya mulai membangun system agama Weda (Hindu) dan pemerintahan (politik).



Sementara itu, agama Buddha lahir dari Sidharta Gautama, putra Raja Suddodhana dari Kapilawastu. Setelah dewasa, Sidharta pergi dari istana dan meninggalkan segala Bentuk kesenangan duniawi. Ia berguru pada sejumlah rahib. Ketika tiba di Desa Gaya, di Lembah Sungai Gangga, Siddharta menjadi seorang Buddha. Setelah itu ajaran Buddha mengalami perkembangan: Buddha Mahayana dan Hinayana. Pengaruh Buddha pun meluas hingga Cina, Jepang, Indocina, dan Indonesia. Sekitar awal tarikh masehi, telah terjadi hubungan dagang antara India, Indonesia Indocina, dan Cina.
Hubungan dagang ini berkembang menjadi hubungan politik, agama, dan budaya. Hubungan itu didukung oleh kronik-kronik dari Cina, Yunani, Arab, India, Indocina, dan kitab serta prasasti dalam negeri. Dari sumber-sumber itu dapat disimpulkan: persebaran agama dan budaya Hindu-Buddha dari India ke Indonesia berawal dari perdagangan.
Ada lima teori tentang pihak-pihak yang berjasa menyebarkan Hindu dan Buddha di Indonesia. Pihak pertama adalah kaum brahmana dan rahib dari India. Pihak kedua adalah para pedagang India (waisya). Pihak ketiga adalah kaum sudra yang melarikan diri dari India ke Indonesia. Pihak keempat adalah golongan ksatria India yang melarikan diri ke Indonesia karena takut dikejar-kejar oleh musuh. Dan pihak kelima dalah orangorang Indonesia sendiri, yang sebelumnya pernah mengunjungi India. Keterkaitan antara perdagangan dan persebaran Hindu Buddha mengakibatkan pusat pusat perdagangan di Indonesia menjadi pusat Hindu-Buddha, terutama di Jawa, Bali, dan Kalimantan; sementara Sumatera merupakan pusat Buddha.
 
 
Pengaruh Hindu-Buddha terhadap perkembangan agama di Indonesia terlihat dari praktik dan tempat peribadatan (candi). Sedangkan pengaruh dalam bidang kebudayaan terlihat dari bangunan fisik (stupa, candi, keratin), karya sastra (kitab, prasasti, wayang), seni rupa (relief, makara, arca), serta seni tari dan musik. Kesemuanya itu mengalami proses akulturasi dan sinkretisasi sesuai zamannya.
 
 
SUMBER : http://ssbelajar.blogspot.com/2012/05/rangkuman-perkembangan-hindu-budha-di.html

Perkembangan Agama Islam di Indonesia

SEJARAH ISLAM

Sejarah Islam adalah sejarah agama Islam mulai turunnya wahyu pertama pada tahun 622 yang diturunkan kepada rasul yang terakhir yaitu Muhammad bin Abdullah di Gua Hira, Arab Saudi sampai dengan sekarang.


PENDAHULUAN

Risalah Islam dilanjutkan oleh Nabi Muhammad saw. di Jazirah Arab pada abad ke-7 ketika Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. mendapat wahyu dari Allah swt. Setelah wafatnya nabi Muhammad s.a.w. kerajaan Islam berkembang hingga Samudra Atlantik di barat dan Asia Tengah di Timur. Hingga umat Islam berpecah dan terdapat banyak kerajaan-kerajaan Islam lain yang muncul.
Namun, kemunculan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam seperti kerajaan Umayyah, Abbasiyyah, Turki Seljuk, dan Kekhalifahan Ottoman, Kemaharajaan Mughal, India,dan Kesultanan Melaka telah menjadi kerajaaan yang besar di dunia. Banyak ahli-ahli sains, ahli-ahli filsafat dan sebagainya muncul dari negeri-negeri Islam terutama pada Zaman Emas Islam. Karena banyak kerajaan Islam yang menjadikan dirinya sekolah.
Pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, banyak kawasan-kawasan Islam jatuh ke tangan Eropa. Setelah Perang Dunia I, Kerajaan Turki Utsmani yang merupakan kerajaan Islam terakhir tumbang.

NABI MUHAMMAD S.A.W

Jazirah Arab sebelum kedatangan Islam merupakan sebuah kawasan yang sangat mundur. Kebanyakkan orang Arab merupakan penyembah berhala dan yang lain merupakan pengikut agama Kristen dan Yahudi. Mekah ketika itu merupakan tempat suci bagi bangsa Arab. karena di tempat tersebut terdapat berhala-berhala agama mereka dan juga terdapat Sumur Zamzam dan yang paling penting adalah Ka'bah.
Nabi Muhammad saw dilahirkan di Makkah pada Tahun Gajah yaitu pada tanggal 12 Rabi'ul Awal atau pada tanggal 20 April (570 atau 571 Masehi). Nabi Muhammad merupakan seorang anak yatim sesudah ayahnya Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib meninggal ketika ia masih dalam kandungan dan ibunya Aminah binti Wahab meninggal dunia ketika ia berusia 7 tahun. Kemudian ia diasuh oleh kakeknya Abdul Muthalib. Setelah kakeknya meninggal ia diasuh juga oleh pamannya yaitu Abu Talib. Nabi Muhammad kemudiannya menikah dengan Siti Khadijah ketika ia berusia 25 tahun. Ia pernah menjadi penggembala kambing.
Nabi Muhammad pernah diangkat menjadi hakim. Ia tidak menyukai suasana kota Mekah yang dipenuhi dengan masyarakat yang memiliki masalah sosial yang tinggi. Selain menyembah berhala, masyarakat Mekah pada waktu itu juga mengubur bayi-bayi perempuan. Nabi Muhammad banyak menghabiskan waktunya dengan menyendiri di gua Hira untuk mencari ketenangan dan memikirkan masalah penduduk Mekah. Ketika Nabi Muhammad berusia 40 tahun, ia didatangi oleh Malaikat Jibril. Setelah itu ia mengajarkan ajaran Islam secara diam-diam kepada orang-orang terdekatnya yang dikenal sebagai "as-Sabiqun al-Awwalun(Orang-orang pertama yang memeluk agama Islam)" dan selanjutnya secara terbuka kepada seluruh penduduk Mekah.
Pada tahun 622, Nabi Muhammad dan pengikutnya pindah dari Mekah ke Madinah. Peristiwa ini dinamai Hijrah. Semenjak peristiwa itu dimulailah Kalender Islam atau kalender Hijriyah.
Penduduk Mekah dan Madinah ikut berperang bersama Nabi Muhammad saw. dengan hasil yang baik walaupun ada di antaranya.

PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM

Secara umum Sejarah Islam setelah meninggalnya Nabi Muhammad telah berkembang secara luas di seluruh dunia. Bani Umayyah, Bani Abbasiyah, dan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah boleh dikatakan penyambung kekuatan Islam setelah pemerintahan Khulafaur Rasyidin.kaum Islam yang tewas. Lama kelamaan para muslimin menjadi lebih kuat, dan berhasil menaklukkan Kota Mekah. Setelah Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. wafat, seluruh Jazirah Arab di bawah penguasaan Islam.


SUMBER : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Islam


History of Arsenal

Arsenal Football Club started out as Dial Square in 1886 by workers at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, south-east London, and was renamed Royal Arsenal shortly afterwards. The club was renamed again to Woolwich Arsenal after becoming a limited company in 1893. The club became the first southern member of the Football League in 1893, starting out in the Second Division, and won promotion to the First Division in 1904. The club's relative geographic isolation resulted in lower attendances than those of other clubs, which led to the club becoming mired in financial problems and effectively bankrupt by 1910, when they were taken over by businessmen Henry Norris and William Hall. Norris sought to move the club elsewhere, and in 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London; they dropped "Woolwich" from their name the following year. Arsenal only finished in fifth place in 1919, but were nevertheless elected to rejoin the First Division at the expense of local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, by reportedly dubious means.
Arsenal appointed Herbert Chapman as manager in 1925. Having already won the league twice with Huddersfield Town in 1923–24 and 1924–25 (see Seasons in English football), Chapman brought Arsenal their first period of major success. His revolutionary tactics and training, along with the signings of star players such as Alex James and Cliff Bastin, laid the foundations of the club's domination of English football in the 1930s. Under his guidance Arsenal won their first major trophies – victory in the 1930 FA Cup Final preceded two League Championships, in 1930–31 and 1932–33. In addition, Chapman was behind the 1932 renaming of the local London Underground station from "Gillespie Road" to "Arsenal", making it the only Tube station to be named specifically after a football club.
Chapman died suddenly of pneumonia in early 1934, leaving Joe Shaw and George Allison to carry on his successful work. Under their guidance, Arsenal won three more titles, in 1933–34, 1934–35 and 1937–38, and the 1936 FA Cup. As key players retired, Arsenal had started to fade by the decade's end, and then the intervention of the Second World War meant competitive professional football in England was suspended.
After the war, Arsenal enjoyed a second period of success under Allison's successor Tom Whittaker, winning the league in 1947–48 and 1952–53, and the FA Cup in 1950. Their fortunes waned thereafter; unable to attract players of the same calibre as they had in the 1930s, the club spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in trophyless mediocrity. Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966.
Arsenal began winning silverware again with the surprise appointment of club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as manager in 1966. After losing two League Cup finals, they won their first European trophy, the 1969–70 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. This was followed by an even greater triumph: their first League and FA Cup double in 1970–71. This marked a premature high point of the decade; the Double-winning side was soon broken up and the following decade was characterised by a series of near misses. Arsenal finished as First Division runners-up in 1972–73, lost three FA Cup finals, in 1972, 1978 and 1980, and lost the 1980 Cup Winners' Cup final on penalties. The club's only success during this time was a last-minute 3–2 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic.
The return of former player George Graham as manager in 1986 brought a third period of glory. Arsenal won the League Cup in 1986–87, Graham's first season in charge. This was followed by a League title win in 1988–89, won with a last-minute goal in the final game of the season against fellow title challengers Liverpool. Graham's Arsenal won another title in 1990–91, losing only one match, won the FA Cup and League Cup double in 1993, and a second European trophy, the Cup Winners' Cup, in 1994. Graham's reputation was tarnished when he was found to have taken kickbacks from agent Rune Hauge for signing certain players, and he was dismissed in 1995. His replacement, Bruce Rioch, lasted for only one season, leaving the club after a dispute with the board of directors.
The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname "The Invincibles". The club went 49 league matches unbeaten in that season, a national record.
Arsenal finished in either first or second place in the league in eight of Wenger's first eleven seasons at the club, although on no occasion were they able to retain the title.As of June 2012, they were one of only five teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, and Manchester City, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992. Arsenal had never progressed beyond the quarter-finals of the Champions League until 2005–06; in that season they became the first club from London in the competition's fifty-year history to reach the final, in which they were beaten 2–1 by Barcelona. In July 2006, they moved into the Emirates Stadium, after 93 years at Highbury.





Sumber  : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.


Wednesday, October 10, 2012

Lyrics Avenged Seven Fold - So Far Away

Never feared for anything
Never shamed but never free
A life that healed a broken heart with all that it could

Lived a life so endlessly

Saw beyond what others see
I tried to heal your broken heart with all that I could

Will you stay ?

Will you stay away forever ?

How do I live without the ones I love ?

Time still turns the pages of the book its burned
Place and time always on my mind
I have so much to say but you’re so far away

Plans of what our futures hold

Foolish lies of growing old
It seems we’re so invincible
The truth is so cold

A final song, a last request
A perfect chapter laid to rest
Now and then I try to find a place in my mind

Where you can stay

You can stay awake forever

How do I live without the ones I love ?

Time still turns the pages of the book its burned
Place and time always on my mind
I have so much to say but you’re so far away

Sleep tight, I'm not afraid

The ones that we love are here with me
Lay away a place for me
Cause as soon as I'm done I'll be on my way
To live eternally

How do I live without the ones I love ?

Time still turns the pages of the book its burned
Place and time always on my mind
And the light you left remains but it's so hard to stay
When I have so much to say and you’re so far away

I love you

You were ready
The pain is strong enough despite
But I'll see you
When He lets me
Your pain is gone, your hands are tied

So far away

And I need you to know
So far away
And I need you to
Need you to know


Sumber : http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/avenged_sevenfold/so_far_away